![]() ![]() Working mothers often exited the labor force once their children were old enough to earn money. ![]() In contrast, married women in the non-farm labor force were "predominantly blacks or immigrants and very poor". These women were typically young, single, white, and native-born. ![]() At the turn of the 20th century in the continental United States, only 18 percent of women over the age of 15 reported receiving income from non-farm employment. The traditional female homemaker–male breadwinner model characterized female employment prior to World War II. Unequal work burdens around the world In the industrialized world Pre-World War II Many studies have traced the effects of the gendered division of labor, and in most cases there was a notable difference between the time men and women contribute to unpaid labor. Labor market constraints also play a role in determining who does the bulk of unpaid work.Įfforts have been made to document the effects of this double burden on couples placed in such situations. ![]() This outcome is determined in large part by traditional gender roles that have been accepted by society over time. In couples where both partners have paid jobs, women often spend significantly more time than men on household chores and caring work, such as childrearing or caring for sick family members. This phenomenon is also known as the Second Shift as in Arlie Hochschild's book of the same name. (1950)Ī double burden (also called double day, second shift, and double duty ) is the workload of people who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor. A woman cooks, supervised by a teacher, in a domestic economy institute in Stockholm, Sweden. ![]()
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